Scientific Researches On:
Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom)
USA National Center for Biotechnology Information
81:
Cancer Lett.
2002 Aug
28;182(2):155-61.
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Antitumor
activity of the
sporoderm-broken
germinating
spores of
Ganoderma
lucidum.
Liu X,
Yuan JP,
Chung CK,
Chen XJ.
Food Engineering
Research Center
of State
Education
Ministry,
Zhongshan
University,
Guangzhou
510275, People's
Republic of
China.
The inhibitory
effects of the
dormant spores,
the germinating
spores, the
sporoderm-broken
germinating
spores (SBGS),
and the lipids
extracted from
the germinating
spores of
Ganoderma
lucidum on the
growth of mouse
hepatoma,
sarcoma S-180,
and reticulocyte
sarcoma L-II
cells were
investigated,
respectively.
The dormant
spores could be
activated by
germination, and
thus the
bioactivities of
the spores might
be enhanced. The
sporoderm-broken
spores could
show much higher
bioactivities
than the whole
spores. Both the
lipids extracted
from the
germinating
spores and the
SBGS of G.
lucidum had
remarkable
antitumor
effects in a
dose-dependent
manner, and
could
significantly
inhibit three
tumors with an
inhibition of
80-90%.
PMID: 12048161 [PubMed
- indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Mechanism of
action of herbal
supplement
PC-SPES:
elucidation of
effects of
individual herbs
of PC-SPES on
proliferation
and prostate
specific gene
expression in
androgen-dependent
LNCaP cells.
Hsieh TC,
Wu JM.
Department of
Biochemistry and
Molecular
Biology, New
York Medical
College,
Valhalla, NY
10595, USA.
tze-chen_hsieh@nymc.edu
PC-SPES is a
herbal mixture
used by prostate
cancer patients
as an
alternative form
of treatment.
Since PC-SPES is
derived from
eight individual
herbs, each with
distinct as well
as overlapping
properties, it
is of interest
to investigate
whether a
particular herb
in the
formulation
principally
accounts for the
biological
properties of
PC-SPES. We
tested the
ability of
extracts from
individual
herbs, using
amounts
estimated to be
equivalent to
that present in
the herbal
mixture, to
suppress LNCaP
cell growth
and/or lower PSA
expression, in
comparison with
cells treated
with PC-SPES.
Cells were
incubated with
0, 1, and 5
microl/ml of
single herbal
extract for 72 h
and
proliferation/viability
was measured by
trypan blue
exclusion. LNCaP
cells treated
with 5 microl/ml
ethanol extracts
of PC-SPES
showed a 72-80%
reduction in
cell growth, and
had a similar
decrease in cell
viability. These
results
contrasted with
cells incubated
with 5 microl/ml
of individual
herbal extract,
which suppressed
growth in the
following order:
Dendranthema
morifolium Tzvel
(85.2%
reduction) >
Panax
pseudo-ginseng
(80.9%) >
Glycyrrhiza
uralensis Fisch
(73%) > Rabdosia
rubescens Hara
(70.8%) >
Scutellaria
baicalensis
Georgi (66.5%) >
Ganoderma
lucidum Karst
(63.5%) > Isatis
indigotica Fort
(50.0%) >
Serenoa repens
(14.5%).
Analysis of
efficacy of
individual herbs
to control
intracellular/secreted
PSA levels and
the expression
of AR and PSA
revealed that
only Glycyrrhiza
uralensis Fisch,
Scutellaria
baicalensis
Georgi and
Serenoa repens
lowered
intracellular
and secreted
PSA, while the
remaining herbs
actually
increased PSA
expression.
Also, no uniform
response in
AR/PSA was
observed in
individual herb
treated cells,
contrary to
PC-SPES, which
elicited a
coordinated
change in
AR/PSA. Lack of
concordance
between changes
in prostate cell
growth and
prostate
specific gene
expression makes
it unlikely that
the activity of
a single herb
can account for
the overall
effects of
PC-SPES.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11836572
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Prevention of
development of
N,N'-dimethylhydrazine-induced
colon tumors by
a water-soluble
extract from
cultured medium
of Ganoderma
lucidum
(Rei-shi)
mycelia in male
ICR mice.
Lu H,
Kyo E,
Uesaka T,
Katoh O,
Watanabe H.
Department of
Environment and
Mutation,
Research
Institute for
Radiation
Biology and
Medicine,
Hiroshima
University,
Minami-ku,
Hiroshima
734-8553, Japan.
The protective
effects of a
dietary
water-soluble
extract from
cultured medium
of Ganoderma
lucidum (Rei-shi
or Mannentake)
mycelia
(designated as
MAK) against
development of
colon tumors
were
investigated in
male ICR mice.
The animals were
given weekly
injections of
N,N'-dimethylhydrazine
(DMH, 10 mg/kg
body weight) for
the initial 10
weeks to induce
colon
carcinogenesis,
and then fed on
diet with or
without 5% MAK
for 10 weeks.
There were no
significant
differences in
incidence and
the total number
of colon tumors
between the
groups. However,
the MAK diet
group
demonstrated
significantly
reduced sizes of
tumors in
comparison with
the MF diet
group. Moreover,
this was linked
to a lowered
PCNA positive
index and
shortening of
the germinal
region in the
colon.
beta-catenin
positive tumor
cell nuclei were
also
significantly
decreased in the
MAK group. The
present results
thus indicate
that dietary MAK
could act as a
potent
chemopreventive
agent for colon
carcinogenesis.
PMID: 11786919
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Prevention of
the development
of preneoplastic
lesions,
aberrant crypt
foci, by a
water-soluble
extract from
cultured medium
of Ganoderma
lucidum
(Rei-shi)
mycelia in male
F344 rats.
Lu H,
Uesaka T,
Katoh O,
Kyo E,
Watanabe H.
Department of
Environment and
Mutation,
Research
Institute for
Radiation
Biology and
Medicine,
Hiroshima
University,
Minami-ku,
Hiroshima
734-8553, Japan.
The modifying
effects of a
dietary
water-soluble
extract from
cultured medium
of Ganoderma
lucidum (Rei-shi
or Mannentake)
mycelia (MAK) on
the development
of azoxymethane
(AOM)-induced
colonic aberrant
crypt foci (ACF)
were
investigated in
male F344 rats.
Rats were given
subcutaneous
injections of
AOM (20 mg/kg
body weight)
once a week for
three weeks to
induce ACF and
fed on diets
containing 0,
1.25, 2.5 and
5.0% MAK for
five weeks,
starting one
week before the
first dose of
carcinogen. MAK
significantly
and
dose-dependently
prevented the
development of
ACF, decreasing
the total number
of AC and
inhibiting cyst
formation. MAK
(2.5 and 5.0%)
also
significantly
reduced the
longitudinal-cross
section areas of
colon
epithelium. MAK
in all doses
significantly
reduced the PCNA
positive index,
area of the
germinal region
and number of
cells per half
crypt. In an
additional in
vitro
experiment, MAK
inhibited
anchorage-independent
growth of
several colon
carcinoma cell
lines. The
present results
thus indicate
that dietary MAK
could act as a
preventive agent
for colon
carcinogenesis.
PMID: 11605062
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Inhibition of
lipid
peroxidation and
oxidative DNA
damage by
Ganoderma
lucidum.
Lee JM,
Kwon H,
Jeong H,
Lee JW,
Lee SY,
Baek SJ,
Surh YJ.
College of
Pharmacy, Seoul
National
University,
Seoul 151-742,
South Korea.
Reactive oxygen
species (ROS),
such as
superoxide
anions and
hydroxyl
radicals, are
associated with
carcinogenesis
and other
pathophysiological
conditions.
Therefore,
elimination or
inactivation of
ROS or
inhibition of
their excess
generation may
be beneficial in
terms of
reducing the
risk for cancer
and other
diseases.
Ganoderma
lucidum has been
used in
traditional
oriental
medicine and has
potential
antiinflammatory
and antioxidant
activities. In
the present
study, we tested
the
amino-polysaccharide
fraction
(designated as
'G009') from
Ganoderma
lucidum for the
ability to
protect against
oxidative damage
induced by ROS.
G009
significantly
inhibited
iron-induced
lipid
peroxidation in
rat brain
homogenates and
showed a
dose-dependent
inactivation of
hydroxyl
radicals and
superoxide
anions. It also
reduced strand
breakage in
phiX174
supercoiled DNA
caused by
UV-induced
photolysis of
hydrogen
peroxide and
attenuated
phorbol
ester-induced
generation of
superoxide
anions in
differentiated
human
promyelocytic
leukaemia
(HL-60) cells.
These findings
suggest that
G009 from
Ganoderma
lucidum
possesses
chemopreventive
potential.
Copyright 2001
John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11351361
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Solution
properties of
antitumor
sulfated
derivative of
alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan
from Ganoderma
lucidum.
Zhang L,
Zhang M,
Zhou Q,
Chen J,
Zeng F.
Department of
Chemistry, Wuhan
University,
China.
lnzhang@public.wh.hb.cn
Four fractions
of a
water-insoluble
alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan
GL extracted
from fruiting
bodies of
Ganoderma
lucidum were
dissolved in
0.25 M
LiCl/DMSO, and
then reacted
with sulfur
trioxide-pyridine
complex at 80
degrees C to
synthesize a
series of
water-soluble
sulfated
derivatives
S-GL. The degree
of substitution
of DS was
measured by
using IR
infrared
spectra,
elemental
analysis, and
13C NMR to be
1.2-1.6 in the
non-selective
sulfation.
Weight-average
molecular weight
Mw and intrinsic
viscosity [eta]
of the sulfated
derivatives S-GL
were measured by
multi-angle
laser light
scattering and
viscometry. The
Mw value (2.4 x
10(4)) of
sulfated glucan
S-GL-1 was much
lower than that
(44.5 x 10(4))
of original
alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan
GL-1. The
Mark-Houwink
equation and
average value of
characteristic
ratio
C(infinity) for
the S-GL in 0.2
M NaCl aqueous
solution at 25
degrees C were
found to be:
[eta] = 1.32 x
10(-3) Mw(1.06)
(cm3 g(-1)) and
16,
respectively, in
the Mw range
from 1.1 x 10(4)
to 2.4 x 10(4).
It indicated
that the
sulfated
derivatives of
the
alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan
in the aqueous
solution behave
as an expanded
chain, owing to
intramolecular
hydrogen bonding
or interaction
between charge
groups.
Interestingly,
two sulfated
derivatives
synthesized from
the
alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan
and curdlan, a
beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan,
all had
significant
higher antitumor
activity against
Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma (EAC)
than the
originals. The
effect of
expanded chains
of the sulfated
glucan in the
aqueous solution
on the
improvement of
the antitumor
activity could
not be
negligible.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11129591
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Ganoderma
extract
activates MAP
kinases and
induces the
neuronal
differentiation
of rat
pheochromocytoma
PC12 cells.
Cheung WM,
Hui WS,
Chu PW,
Chiu SW,
Ip NY.
Department of
Biochemistry and
Biotechnology
Research
Institute, Hong
Kong University
of Science and
Technology, PR
China.
The pharmacology
and clinical
application of
traditional
Chinese medicine
has been
extensively
documented. We
have used an in
vitro model
system, PC12
cells, to
demonstrate the
presence of
neuroactive
compounds in
Ganoderma
lucidum
(lingzhi).
Ganoderma
extract induced
the neuronal
differentiation
of PC12 cells
and prevented
nerve growth
factor-dependent
PC12 neurons
from apoptosis.
Moreover, these
effects of
ganoderma might
be mediated via
the
ras/extracellular
signal-regulated
kinase (Erk) and
cAMP-response
element binding
protein (CREB)
signaling
pathways, as
demonstrated by
the
phosphorylation
of Erk1, Erk2
and CREB. Thus,
our data not
only present the
first evidence
of the presence
of neuroactive
compounds that
mediate the
neuronal
differentiation
and
neuroprotection
of the PC12
cells, but also
reveal the
potential
signaling
molecules
involved in its
action.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11119721
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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New
lanostanoids
from Ganoderma
lucidum that
induce
NAD(P)H:quinone
oxidoreductase
in cultured
hepalcic7 murine
hepatoma cells.
Ha TB,
Gerhäuser C,
Zhang WD,
Ho-Chong-Line
N,
Fourasté I.
Two new
lanostanoids
were isolated
from the
basidiocarp of
Ganoderma
lucidum and were
identified as
26,27-dihydroxy-5
alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3,22-dione
(1) and
26-hydroxy-5
alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-3,22-dione
(2) by their
respective
spectral data.
Crude extracts
and the isolated
compounds were
tested for their
potential to
induce
NAD(P)H:quinone
oxidoreductase
(QR), a phase 2
drug-metabolizing
enzyme, as an
approach to
detect potential
cancer
chemopreventive
activity.
Compound 2
doubled the
specific
activity of QR
at a
concentration of
3.0
micrograms/ml,
whereas compound
1 was
significantly
less active
(1.7-fold
induction at 20
micrograms/ml).
In addition,
both compounds
weakly inhibited
sheep vesicle
cyclooxygenase 1
activity at a
test
concentration of
40
micrograms/ml.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11105584
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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UsToo PC-SPES
surveys: review
of studies and
update of
previous survey
results.
Porterfield H.
UsToo
International
Inc., Oak Brook,
Illinois 60523,
USA.
hankustoo@msn.com
In 1997, we
resolved to
survey UsToo
members and
other men known
at that time to
be taking
PC-SPES, a
Chinese herb
combination that
contains eight
herbs:
chrysanthemum,
dyers woad,
licorice,
reishi, san-qi
ginseng,
rabdosia, saw
palmetto, and
baikal skullcap.
The survey
showed positive
results, with
respondents
experiencing a
decline in serum
prostate
specific antigen
(PSA), most to
the undetectable
range. Of these
patients, 88%
maintained a low
PSA
concentration,
whereas 12% had
a rise from
nadir. These
results made it
obvious that we
should obtain
follow-up
reports from the
respondents. We
therefore
conducted a
second survey,
this time
finding 93% of
the respondents
with positive
results and only
7% reporting a
rise in PSA
after the
initial lowering
with PC-SPES.
Even though
there are some
side effects, a
great majority
of men are
realizing good
PSA control
while taking the
capsules, and
some of the
respondents are
now into their
fourth year of
PC-SPES use.
Currently,
several
institutions are
investigating
the biology of
this Chinese
herb
combination.
Although there
is some
estrogenic
effect, there
are other
potential
mechanisms of
action to enable
this product to
control PSA, not
only in newly
diagnosed
cancer, but also
in longer-term
use.
PMID: 11062386
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Role of
herbal compounds
(PC-SPES) in
hormone-refractory
prostate cancer:
two case
reports.
de la Taille
A,
Hayek OR,
Burchardt M,
Burchardt T,
Katz AE.
The Squier
Urological
Clinic, Columbia
University
College of
Physicians and
Surgeons,
Department of
Urology,
Columbia-Presbyterian
Medical Center,
New York, USA.
PURPOSE: Herbal
therapies are
unconventional
treatments that
have been used
for several
different
diseases.
PC-SPES is an
herbal mixture,
composed of
eight different
herbs
(chrysanthemum,
isatis,
licorice,
Ganoderma
lucidum, Panax
pseudo-ginseng,
Rabdosia
rubescens, saw
palmetto, and
scutellaria),
which has been
used as an
alternative in
the treatment of
prostate cancer.
We report two
cases of
hormone-refractory
prostate cancer
patients, who
showed a
favorable
response to
therapy with
this herbal
combination,
controlling the
progression of
the disease.
METHODS: We
report two cases
of biopsy proven
prostate cancer
patients with
metastatic
disease, treated
with total
androgen
blockade,
progressing to
an
androgen-independent
status. These
patients were
offered
traditional
therapies for
hormone-resistant
prostate cancer,
and they chose
to take PC-SPES.
The follow-up as
well as their
evolution are
described.
RESULTS: PC-SPES
extract
decreased the
prostate-specific
antigen (PSA)
value for both
patients from an
initial value of
100 and 386
ng/mL to 24 and
114 ng/mL after
1 year and 4
months,
respectively,
remaining stable
until now. No
gynecomastia or
hot flashes were
observed in
these patients
and the
treatment was
well tolerated.
CONCLUSION:
PC-SPES has
shown a strong
estrogenic in
vitro and in
vivo activity as
an alternative
tool in the
management of
prostate cancer
patients. These
cases suggest
that PC-SPES
might have some
potential
activity against
hormone-independent
prostate
cancers.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 11059508
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Triterpenes
from the spores
of Ganoderma
lucidum and
their
cytotoxicity
against meth-A
and LLC tumor
cells.
Min BS,
Gao JJ,
Nakamura N,
Hattori M.
Institute of
Natural
Medicine, Toyama
Medical and
Pharmaceutical
University,
Japan.
Six new highly
oxygenated
lanostane-type
triterpenes,
called ganoderic
acid gamma (1),
ganoderic acid
delta (2),
ganoderic acid
epsilon (3),
ganoderic acid
zeta (4),
ganoderic acid
eta (5) and
ganoderic acid
theta (6), were
isolated from
the spores of
Ganoderma
lucidum,
together with
known
ganolucidic acid
D (7) and
ganoderic acid
C2 (8). Their
structures of
the new
triterpenes were
determined as
(23S)-7beta,15alpha,23-trihydroxy-3,11-dioxolanosta-8,
24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (1),
(23S)-7alpha,15alpha23-trihydroxy-3,11-dioxolanosta-8,
24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (2),
(23S)-3beta3,7beta,
23-trihydroxy-11,15-dioxolanosta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (3),
(23S)-3beta,23-dihydroxy-7,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,
24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (4),
(23S)-3beta,7beta,12beta,23-tetrahydroxy-11,15-dioxolanos
ta-8,24(E)-diene-26-oic
acid (5) and
(23S)-3beta,12beta23-trihydroxy-7,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,24(E
)-diene-26-oic
acid (6),
respectively, by
chemical and
spectroscopic
means, which
included the
determination of
a chiral center
in the side
chain by a
modification of
Mosher's method.
The cytotoxicity
of the compounds
isolated from
the Ganoderma
spores was
carried out in
vitro against
Meth-A and LLC
tumor cell
lines.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 10923835
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
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-
Update from
Asia. Asian
studies on
cancer
chemoprevention.
Yun TK.
Laboratory of
Experimental
Pathology, Korea
Cancer Center
Hospital, Seoul,
Korea.
tkyun@nuri.net
In Asia,
nontoxic dietary
products are
considered
desirable
primary
prevention
vehicles for
conquering
cancer. As early
as 1978,
investigators in
Korea carried
out extensive
long-term
anticarcinogenicity
experiments
using the mouse
lung tumor model
and observed an
anticarcinogenic
effect of Panax
ginseng C.A.
Meyer extract in
1980. The
results showed
that natural
products can
provide hope for
human cancer
prevention. A
newly
established
nine-week
medium-term
model using
mouse lung
tumors (Yun's
model) could
confirm the
anticarcinogenicity
of ginseng that
varies according
to its type and
age.
Subsequently,
the ginseng was
shown by
epidemiological
studies to be a
nonorgan-specific
cancer
preventive agent
associated with
a dose-response
relationship.
The
anticarcinogenic
effects of
vegetarian foods
common at every
dining table in
Korea and some
synthetics were
also studied
using Yun's
nine-week model.
In brief,
ascorbic acid,
soybean
lecithin,
capsaicin,
biochanin A,
Ganoderma
lucidum,
caffeine, and a
novel synthetic
2-(allylthio)pyrazine
decrease the
incidence of
mouse lung
tumors, whereas
fresh ginseng (4
years old),
carrot, spinach,
Sesamum indicum,
beta-carotene,
and 13-cis
retinoic acid do
not. This result
regarding
beta-carotene is
consistent with
the ineffective
findings of the
ATBC trial, the
CARET trial, and
the Physicians'
Health Study. In
1983, a cancer
chemoprevention
study group was
first
established in
Japan.
Subsequently,
(-)-epigallocatechin
gallate,
cryptoporic acid
E, and
sarcophytol A
from natural
products, and
synthetic
acyclic retinoid
and canventol
were shown to be
anticarcinogenic
or
chemopreventive
in human
subjects.
Despite the
frequent
consumption of
tea wordwide as
a beverage and
current
experimental
evidence of
anticarcinogenesis,
including
controversial
results of
epidemiological
studies, more
systematic
clinical trials
for confirmation
of preventive
activity of tea
against cancer
are needed.
Placebo-controlled
intervention
trials of
dietary fiber
are under study
in Japan. In the
past decade, new
triterpenoids
were isolated
from various
natural sources,
and its
biological
activities were
investigated in
Asia. In the
late 1970s a
comprehensive
chemoprevention
program was
established at
the Institute of
Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy
of Medical
Sciences. Since
then, many
retinoid
compounds have
been synthesized
and screened in
the search for
chemopreventive
cancer agents.
The National
Cancer Institute
(USA) and China
are jointly
engaged in the
two-nutrition
intervention in
Linxian, China.
The results of
joint study of
the general
population and
of dysplasia in
China should
stimulate
further research
to clarify the
potential
benefits of
micronutrient
supplements. We
need to clarify
if there is a
connection
between the
lower rates of
cancer mortality
in Korea and the
frequent
consumption of
anticarcinogenic
vegetables or
traditional
foods, including
ginseng and
Ganoderma
lucidum. The
constituents of
the nontoxic
stable dietary
products promise
to be the future
hope for
conquering
cancers in the
coming years.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 10668493
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
In vitro
chemopreventive
effects of plant
polysaccharides
(Aloe
barbadensis
miller, Lentinus
edodes,
Ganoderma
lucidum and
Coriolus
versicolor).
Kim HS,
Kacew S,
Lee BM.
Division of
Toxicology,
College of
Pharmacy,
Sungkyunkwan
University,
Changan-ku,
Chunchun-dong,
Kyunggi-do,
Suwon 440-746,
Korea.
A plant
polysaccharide,
Aloe gel
extract, was
reported to have
an inhibitory
effect on
benzo[a]pyrene
(B[a]P)-DNA adduct formation
in vitro and in
vivo. Hence,
chemopreventive
effects of plant
polysaccharides
[Aloe
barbadensis
Miller (APS), Lentinus edodes
(LPS), Ganoderma
lucidum (GPS)
and Coriolus
versicolor
(CPS)] were
compared using
in vitro
short-term
screening
methods
associated with
both initiation
and promotion
processes in
carcinogenesis.
In B[a]P-DNA
adduct
formation, APS
(180 micrograms/ml)
was the most
effective in
inhibition of
B[a]P binding to
DNA in mouse
liver cells.
Oxidative DNA
damage (by
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine)
was
significantly
decreased by APS
(180 micrograms/ml)
and CPS (180
micrograms/ml).
In induction of
glutathione
S-transferase
activity, GPS
was found to be
the most
effective among
plant
polysaccharides.
In screening
anti-tumor
promoting
effects, APS
(180 micrograms/ml)
significantly
inhibited
phorbol myristic
acetate
(PMA)-induced
ornithine
decarboxylase
activity in
Balb/3T3 cells.
In addition, APS significantly
inhibited
PMA-induced
tyrosine kinase
activity in
human leukemic
cells. APS and
CPS
significantly
inhibited
superoxide anion
formation. These
results suggest
that some plant
polysaccharides
produced both
anti-genotoxic
and anti-tumor
promoting
activities in in
vitro models
and, therefore,
might be
considered as
potential agents
for cancer
chemoprevention.
PMID: 10426820
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
The
anti-tumor
effect of
Ganoderma
lucidum is
mediated by
cytokines
released from
activated
macrophages and
T lymphocytes.
Wang SY,
Hsu ML,
Hsu HC,
Tzeng CH,
Lee SS,
Shiao MS,
Ho CK.
Department of
Medical
Research,
Veterans General
Hospital-Taipei,
Taiwan, Republic
of China.
The present
study was to
ascertain the
immunomodulating
and anti-tumor
effects of
Ganoderma (G.)
lucidum.
Polysaccharides
(PS) from fresh
fruiting bodies
of G. lucidum
(PS-G) were
isolated and
used to
potentiate
cytokine
production by
human
monocytes-macrophages
and T
lymphocytes. Our
results had
shown that the
levels of
interleukin
(IL)-1 beta,
tumor necrosis
factor (TNF)-
alpha, and IL-6
in macrophage
cultures treated
with PS-G (100
micrograms/ml)
were 5.1-, 9.8-
and 29-fold
higher,
respectively,
than those of
untreated
controls. In
addition, the
release of
interferon
(IFN)- gamma
from T
lymphocytes was
also greatly
promoted in the
presence of PS-G
(25-100
micrograms/ml).
Furthermore,
these
cytokine-containing
mononuclear
cell-conditioned
media
(PSG-MNC-CM)
were found to
suppress the
proliferation
and
clonogenicity of
both the HL-60
and the U937
leukemic cell
lines. DNA
labeling and gel
electrophoresis
showed that
treatment with
PSG-MNC-CM
markedly induced
leukemic-cell
apoptosis.
Flow-cytometric
analysis
revealed that
few (2.3 +/-
0.8%) apoptotic
cells were seen
in the control
cultures, while
PSG-MNC-CM
treatment
resulted in a
significant
increase in the
apoptotic
population both
in the HL-60
(38.3 +/- 4.5%)
and in the U937
(44.5 +/- 3.8%)
cells. In
addition, 40 to
45% of the
treated leukemic
cells were
triggered to
differentiate
into mature
monocytic cells
expressing CD14
and CD68 surface
antigens.
However, PS-G
alone had no
such effects
even at a higher
dose of 400
micrograms/ml.
Since untreated
macrophages and
T lymphocytes
produced little
or no cytokine,
and normal
MNC-CM did not
suppress
leukemic cell
growth, it was
suggestive that
the anti-tumor
activity of
PSG-MNC-CM was
derived from the
elevated levels
of cytokines.
Antibody-neutralization
studies further
revealed that
the anti-tumor
cytokines in the
PSG-MNC-CM were
mainly of TNF-
alpha and IFN-
gamma, and these
2 cytokines
acted
synergistically
on the
inhibition of
leukemic-cell
growth.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 9096652
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
Trial of a
new medium-term
model using
benzo(a)pyrene
induced lung
tumor in newborn
mice.
Yun TK,
Kim SH,
Lee YS.
Laboratory of
Cancer
Pathology, Korea
Cancer Center
Hospital, Seoul.
A new
medium-term in
vivo model was
tried using
pulmonary
adenoma induced
by
benzo(a)pyrene
(BP) in newborn
mice. Both
inbred mice such
as C57BL/5J,
C57BR/cdJ. A/J
mice and non
inbred N:GP(S)
mice were used.
Benzo(a)pyrene
was injected in
the subscapular
region of
newborn mice
within 24 hours
after birth at a
dose of 0.5 mg
and 1 mg per
mouse,
respectively.
After 9 weeks
lung tumor
induced in
N:GP(S) and A/J
mice but in the
other mice. The
dose showing a
50% tumor
incidence was
found in N:GP(S)
mice to be 0.5
mg of BP but the
tumor incidence
was very high in
A/J mice even at
40 micrograms of
BP, the lowest
dose in this
experiment. To
verify the
utility of this
model, ascorbic
acid, carrot,
beta carotene,
soybean
lecithin,
spinach, Sesamum
indicum,
Ganoderma
lucidum,
caffeine, red
ginseng extract,
fresh ginseng
and 13-cis
retinoic acid,
some of which
are known to
have
anticarcinogenic
activity in
various animal
models, were
tried with this
system. Ascorbic
acid, soybean
lecithin,
Ganoderma
lucidum,
caffeine and red
ginseng extract
showed
inhibition of
lung tumor
incidence, while
fresh ginseng,
carrot, beta
carotene,
spinach and
13-cis retinoic
acid did not.
This result
suggested that
the 9-week
medium-term
model using lung
tumor induced by
0.5 mg of BP was
useful for the
screening of
cancer
preventive
agents.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 7645968
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
Antitumor
active
polysaccharides
from the Chinese
mushroom
Songshan
lingzhi, the
fruiting body of
Ganoderma
tsugae.
Wang G,
Zhang J,
Mizuno T,
Zhuang C,
Ito H,
Mayuzumi H,
Okamoto H,
Li J.
Department of
Traditional
Chinese
Pharmacy,
Changchun
College of
Traditional
Chinese
Medicine, Jilin.
A systematic
method of
extraction,
fractionation,
and purification
of
polysaccharides
from Songshan
Lingzhi
(Ganoderma
tsugae) with
antitumor
activity was
established.
Seven glycans
with strong
antitumor
activities were
obtained from 14
water-soluble,
and 15
water-insoluble
fractions:
FIo-a, FA-1,
FII-1, FIII-2,
and FIII-2-a,
-b, and -c.
FIo-a and FA-1
were
protein-containing
glucogalactans
associated with
mannose and
fucose. FII-1
was a
(1-->3)-beta-D-glucan
having a lower
protein content.
The
water-insoluble
fractions
FIII-2-a, -b,
and -c were
extracted with
alkali, and were
found to be
protein-containing
(1-->3)-beta-D-glucans
showing the
strongest
activity.
Chemical
properties and
structure of
each antitumor
polysaccharide
were compared
with three fungi
of the Ganoderma
family,
Kofukitake (G.
applanatum),
Mannentake (G.
lucidum), and
Songshan Lingzhi
(G. tsugae).
PMID: 7763875
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
The effect of
Ganoderma
lucidum on
induction of
differentiation
in leukemic U937
cells.
Lieu CW,
Lee SS,
Wang SY.
Department of
Medical
Research,
Veteran General
Hospital-Taipei,
Taiwan, Republic
of China.
Ganoderma (G.)
lucidum is a
herbal medicine
with tumoricidal
activity capable
of inhibiting
the
proliferation of
mouse Sarcoma
180 cells both
in vitro and in
vivo. In this
study, we
investigated the
effect of the
polysaccharide
fraction of G.
lucidum (PS-G)
on the
proliferation
and
differentiation
of human
monocytic
leukemia cell
line, U937.
Using an in
vitro liquid
culture system,
we found that
the conditioned
medium from
PS-G-stimulated
human blood
mononuclear
cells
(PSG-MNC-CM)
contained an
activity that
could
significantly
inhibit the
growth of U937
cells and induce
them to
differentiate
into mature
monocytes/macrophages
which had
functions of
phagocytosis and
producing
cytoplasmic
superoxide.
Neither PS-G nor
normal
(untreated)
MNC-CM was found
to have a
differentiating
effect on the
target cells.
The optimal
condition for
stimulating the
in vitro
production of
MNC-derived
differentiation-inducing
activity was to
use PS-G at a
low
concentration of
50 micrograms/ml
and to incubate
MNC for a short
period of 24
hours. Long-term
(greater than 3
days) incubation
resulted in a
decrease in the
differentiating
activity of the
conditioned
media.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 1503411
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
[In vitro
cytotoxicity of
Ganoderma
lucidum on oral
cancer cells]
[Article in
Chinese]
Chen TW,
Wong YK,
Lee SS.
Dental
Department,
Veterans General
Hospital-Kaoshiung.
The extract from
the mycelium of
Ganoderma
lucidum was
diluted into
serial
concentrations
and added into
in vitro
cultured oral
cancer and
normal cell
lines. After
incubation for
24 hours, the
survival
fraction was
determined by
MTT colorimetric
assay. The
result revealed
that the ID50
was about 3mg/ml
and the total
lethal dosage
was beyond 4
mg/ml. This
toxic effect was
the same in both
cancer and
normal cells.
Not only was
there no
difference
between cancer
and normal
cells, but also
the high dosage
required in
toxicity leads
to the
conclusion that
the GL has no
direct cytotoxic
effect in cancer
treatment.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 1653094
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
Antitumor
activity of
Sarcodon
aspratus (Berk.)
S. Ito and
Ganoderma
lucidum (Fr.)
Karst.
Maruyama H,
Yamazaki K,
Murofushi S,
Konda C,
Ikekawa T.
Department of
Internal
Medicine,
National Cancer
Center Hospital,
Tokyo, Japan.
Antitumor
activity of
Sarcodon
aspratus (Berk.)
S. Ito and
Ganoderma
lucidum (Fr.)
Karst. was
investigated.
Methanol and
aqueous extracts
of these
Japanese
mushrooms were
tested for
antitumor
activity against
solid type of
sarcoma 180 by
intraperitoneal
or oral
administration.
The aqueous
extract was
remarkably
effective for
inhibition of
tumor growth,
but the methanol
extract was not.
The fraction of
molecular weight
more than 10000
had a high
inhibitory
activity against
the tumor
growth, but the
fraction of
molecular weight
less than 10000
did not.
Fractionation
was carried out
by using an
ion-exchanger,
and fraction S-4
having the
highest
carbohydrate
content had the
highest
antitumor
activity by
intraperitoneal
administration.
PMID: 2746451
[PubMed -
indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
-
[Effect of
six edible
plants on the
development of
AFB1-induced
gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive
hepatocyte foci
in rats]
[Article in
Chinese]
Chen ZY,
Yan RQ,
Qin GZ,
Qin LL.
Guangxi Cancer
Institute,
Nanning.
Six edible
plants, green
tea (GT), black
tea (BT),
Lentinus edodes
(berk) Sing
(LE), Hericium
erinaceus (Bull.
ex Fr.) Pers.
(HE), Mixture of
Ganoderma
Lucidum (Ley ss
ex Fr.) Karst et
Ganoderma
Japanium (Fr.)
Lloyd (MGLJ) and
mung bean (MB),
were tested for
the effect on
the development
of AFB1-induced
gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
positive
hepatocyte foci
(gamma-GT foci)
using an in vivo
short-term test
model in rats.
The rats
received
intraperitoneally
12 doses of
initiator AFB1,
400
micrograms/kg
per dose for 2
successive
weeks. Two weeks
after the
initiation, the
rats were
submitted to a
modified "Solt-Farber
promotion
program", i.e.,
a two weeks'
feeding of a
diet containing
0.015%
acetylaminofluorene
plus a two-third
partial
hepatectomy (PH)
on day 7. The
rats were
sacrificed 10
days after PH
and the livers
were processed
to gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
staining. The
tested
substances were
powdered and
mixed with the
basal diet at
the
concentration
level of 30% for
MB and 5% for
the others. The
rats were fed
with the
diet-containing
tested
substances from
10 days before
the AFB1
initiation to 3
days after the
AFB1 conclusion.
Consequently,
the liver of the
rats which had
consumed GT
showed
significantly
less and smaller
gamma-GT foci,
and those which
had consumed BT,
HE and LE showed
somewhat less
and
significantly
smaller foci
than the control
groups. It is
indicated that
the four diets
have an
inhibiting
effect on
AFB1-induced
gamma-GT foci in
different
degrees. MB and
MGLJ show no
significant
influence on the
foci.
Publication
Types:
PMID: 2443327 [PubMed
- indexed for
MEDLINE]
-
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